As JavaScript has no concept of postback, one way to achieve this would as follows:
VB backend code (on Page_Load)
ScriptManager.RegisterStartupScript(Me, Me.GetType(), "isPostBack", String.Format("var isPostback = {0};", IsPostBack.ToString().ToLower()), True)
Javascript frontend (I put it under doc ready)
$(document).ready(function () {
if(isPostback) {
// Postback specific logic here
}
);}